| TCP | |
| OSPF | |
| IS-IS | |
| ARP | |
| RIP |
| off | |
| client | |
| transparent | |
| native | |
| server | |
| tunneling |
| It defines how data is formatted for transmission and how access to the physical media is controlled. | |
| It segments data from the system of the sending host and reassembles the data into a data stream on the system of the receiving host. | |
| It provides the connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks. | |
| It establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts. |